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Assessing the Apical Pulse
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A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children
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Preparticipation Cardiac Evaluation from the Pediatric Perspective.

Andrew M Reittinger1, Lanier B Jackson2, Peter N Dean1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, 1204 West Main Street, Battle Building, 6th Floor, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
|January 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Millions of children and adolescents undergo sports preparticipation evaluations (PPEs) annually to screen for sudden cardiac death risks. This review focuses on pediatric and early adolescent PPEs, highlighting differences from adult evaluations.

Keywords:
AdolescentPediatricPreparticipation examinationSports cardiologySudden cardiac death

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Area of Science:

  • Sports medicine
  • Pediatric cardiology
  • Adolescent health

Background:

  • Sports preparticipation evaluations (PPEs) are crucial for identifying health risks in young athletes.
  • Sudden cardiac death is a primary concern during sports participation.
  • Current guidelines for PPEs require careful consideration for pediatric and adolescent populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current recommendations for sports preparticipation evaluations (PPEs).
  • To emphasize the specific considerations for pediatric and early adolescent athletes.
  • To delineate the differences between pediatric/adolescent and adult PPEs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current guidelines and expert consensus statements.
  • Analysis of risk factors for sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
  • Comparative review of pediatric vs. adult preparticipation evaluation protocols.

Main Results:

  • PPEs aim to identify conditions that may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death.
  • Pediatric and adolescent evaluations necessitate age-specific screening protocols.
  • Key differences exist in cardiovascular screening and risk assessment between younger and adult athletes.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized PPEs are essential for ensuring the safety of young athletes.
  • Tailoring evaluations to the pediatric and adolescent population is critical for effective risk stratification.
  • Further research may refine age-specific screening recommendations for sports participation.