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The Association Between Repeated Measured Febrile Episodes During Early Childhood and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Ariel Israel1, Eugene Merzon1,2, Beth Krone3
1Department of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Objective:
We examined the association between the number, magnitude, and frequency of febrile episodes during the 0 to 4 years of life and subsequent diagnosis of ADHD.
Methods:
This population-based case-control study in an Israeli HMO, Leumit Health Services (LHS), uses a database for all LHS members aged 5 to 18 years between 1/1/2002 and 1/30/2022. The number and magnitude of measured fever episodes during the 0 to 4 years were recorded in individuals with ADHD (N = 18,558) and individually matched non-ADHD controls in a 1:2 ratio (N = 37,116).
Results:
A significant, independent association was found between the number and magnitude of febrile episodes during the 0 to 4 years and the probability of a later diagnosis of ADHD. Children who never had a measured temperature >37.5°C had a significantly lower rate of ADHD (OR = 0.834, 95% CI [0.802, 0.866], p < .0001).
Conclusions:
Febrile episodes during 0 to 4 years are associated with a significantly increased rate of a later diagnosis of ADHD in a doseresponse relationship.
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