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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Understanding Cytokine-Induced Cell Death in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Using Human Organoids
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Complexity of human death: its physiological, transcriptomic, and microbiological implications.

Gulnaz T Javan1, Kanhaiya Singh2, Sheree J Finley1

  • 1Department of Physical and Forensic Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|January 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human death involves complex physiological and genetic changes, with microbial activity significantly increasing postmortem. Understanding these processes is crucial for new insights into decomposition and biological death determination.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencegene expressionhuman decompositionhuman postmortem microbiomephysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Genetics
  • Microbiology
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • Human death is a complex, time-governed process involving irreversible cessation of bodily functions.
  • Current understanding of immediate postmortem physiological changes and the transition from life to death remains incomplete.
  • Limited knowledge connects tissue-level necrotic pathologies to organismal functional loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological, genetic, and microbiological mechanisms defining biological changes during human death and decomposition.
  • To highlight recent findings on the role of microbial proliferation after death.
  • To emphasize the need for updated models, including artificial intelligence, for determining biological death.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent molecular and genetic studies on programmed cell death.
  • Analysis of physiological resilience and endurance responses during organismal death.
  • Integration of microbiological findings on postmortem microbial abundance.

Main Results:

  • Most cells in the human body are microbial, and their abundance significantly increases after death.
  • Cells, tissues, organs, and systems exhibit differential resilience during the dying process.
  • Recent research offers a paradigm shift in understanding the cell biology and physiology of death.

Conclusions:

  • Future investigations integrating physiological and microbiological aspects promise novel insights into death and decomposition.
  • Understanding the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors is key for translational knowledge on the living-to-non-living transition.
  • Revising models of biological death, potentially using AI, is essential for precise determination of homeostasis cessation.