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Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Serena Tola1, Federico Capelli1, Alessandro Della Puppa1
1Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Clinic, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Careggi University Hospital and University of Florence, Italy.
Exoscope use in brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) surgery enhances visualization and aids in detecting residual AVMs using indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA). This technology improves surgical outcomes for complex AVM cases.
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