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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.
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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
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Reconstructing Hydrogen-Bond Network for Efficient Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

Shicheng Zhu1, Ruoou Yang1, Huang Jing Wei Li1

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Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
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Researchers developed a new catalyst (Mn-Co3O4@CN) that enhances the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic conditions for water electrolysis. This catalyst utilizes hydrogen bonds to improve proton transfer and catalytic activity, outperforming traditional materials.

Keywords:
acidic OERhydrogen-bond networkhydrophilic unitslocal chargenon-noble catalyst

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Developing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for acidic conditions is crucial for proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis.
  • Controlling proton behavior at the catalyst-electrolyte interface is key for proton-coupled electrochemical reactions but remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a catalyst that reconstructs a hydrogen-bond network at the interface to boost acidic OER activity.
  • To investigate the mechanism of enhanced OER activity through interfacial engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized N-doped-carbon-layer clothed Mn-doped-Co3O4 (Mn-Co3O4@CN) catalyst.
  • Utilized computational modeling to understand interfacial interactions and reaction mechanisms.
  • Performed electrochemical testing to evaluate OER performance in acidic media.

Main Results:

  • The Mn-Co3O4@CN catalyst established a connected hydrogen-bond network between the catalyst and electrolyte.
  • Hydrogen-bonding enriched water molecules at the catalyst surface and facilitated dehydrogenation.
  • Modulated local charge on Co sites lowered the OER energy barrier.
  • Mn-Co3O4@CN demonstrated superior performance compared to RuO2 at high current density (100 mA cm⁻² @ ~538 mV).

Conclusions:

  • Reconstructing interfacial hydrogen-bond networks is an effective strategy to enhance acidic OER activity.
  • The Mn-Co3O4@CN catalyst shows significant potential for efficient water electrolysis applications.
  • This work provides insights into manipulating interfacial proton dynamics for improved electrocatalysis.