Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

62.3K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
62.3K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

46.0K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.0K
What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

114.9K
Overview
114.9K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

5.1K
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
5.1K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.3K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.3K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.3K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

eRMSF: A Python Package for Ensemble-Based RMSF Analysis of Biomolecular Systems.

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2025
Same author

Phylogenetic and Structural Analyses of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters.

Molecular neurobiology·2025
Same author

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (<i>Nycticebus</i> spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (<i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp.).

Toxins·2023
Same author

Novel diamides inspired by protein kinase inhibitors as anti-<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> agents: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluations.

Future medicinal chemistry·2023
Same author

One enzyme, many faces: urease is also canatoxin.

Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics·2022
Same author

The Fast and the Furriest: Investigating the Rate of Selection on Mammalian Toxins.

Toxins·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
10:40

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

26.0K

Structure determination needs to go viral.

Matheus de Bastos Balbe E Gutierres1, Conrado Pedebos1, Paula Bacaicoa-Caruso1

  • 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências (PPGBio), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Amino Acids
|January 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viral protein structure diversity is lacking in the Protein Data Bank. More research is needed to prepare for future viral epidemics and public health challenges.

Keywords:
Cryo-EMNMRPDBPandemicVirusX-ray

More Related Videos

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
09:08

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Published on: July 27, 2021

3.8K
Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
13:07

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
10:40

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

26.0K
Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
09:08

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Published on: July 27, 2021

3.8K
Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
13:07

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

9.3K

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Virology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Viral diseases pose a significant threat, with potential for future epidemics.
  • Understanding viral diversity through protein structures is crucial for preparedness.
  • The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a key resource for structural information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the representation of viral diversity in deposited protein structures.
  • To identify gaps in structural data for viruses of public health importance.
  • To inform strategies for enhancing preparedness against viral threats.

Main Methods:

  • Data collection from the Protein Data Bank (PDB).
  • Screening of available viral protein structures.
  • Exclusion of highly studied viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 for a broader assessment.

Main Results:

  • Fewer than 50 unique viral structures were deposited annually, excluding SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1.
  • This indicates a significant lack of diversity in the deposited viral protein structures.
  • Key viruses of interest to the World Health Organization (WHO) are underrepresented.

Conclusions:

  • Current viral protein structure data is insufficient to represent global viral diversity.
  • Increased efforts in determining viral structures are essential for pandemic preparedness.
  • Addressing these structural data gaps will strengthen responses to future public health crises.