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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

166
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
166
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
3.5K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

391
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
391
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

394
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
394
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

38.3K
Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
38.3K
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

514
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
514

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Endocrine Changes in Postmenopausal Women: A Comprehensive View.

Vidhi Motlani1, Gunjan Motlani1, Soumya Pamnani1

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Menopause involves declining estrogen and progesterone, impacting women's health and increasing risks for cardiometabolic illness and osteoporosis. This review covers post-menopause physiological changes and health concerns.

Keywords:
cardiovascular diseasehormone therapymenopause symptomsmetabolic syndromevasomotor symptom

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Women's Health
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Menopause, characterized by the cessation of menstrual cycles, results from declining ovarian synthesis of progesterone and estrogen.
  • Physiological changes during reproductive aging and menopause onset are linked to increased cardiometabolic disease risk.
  • Key associations include reduced ovarian estrogen and increased androgens during menopause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the physiological changes and health issues women experience after menopause.
  • To explore the role of estrogen and endocrine disruptors in adipocyte differentiation and metabolic disorders.
  • To assess the impact of menopause on cardiometabolic health and bone density.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of scientific literature.
  • Analysis of physiological variations during reproductive aging.
  • Assessment of hormonal changes and their impact on metabolic health.

Main Results:

  • Women exhibit a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to men.
  • Thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) significantly impacts female metabolism.
  • Estrogen deprivation is a primary factor in post-menopausal osteoporosis due to disrupted bone turnover.

Conclusions:

  • Menopause significantly alters a woman's physiological state, increasing risks for metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for managing women's health post-menopause.
  • Further research is needed on estrogen's role in metabolic disorders and the influence of endocrine disruptors.