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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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Multigenerational diabetes mellitus.

Jennifer M Thornton1,2, Nishel M Shah1,2, Karen A Lillycrop3

  • 1Department of Academic Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|January 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) increases risks for mothers and children, including Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) across generations. Early biomarkers and interventions targeting fetal development are crucial for metabolic health.

Keywords:
adipogenesisepigeneticsgestational diabetesmetabolomicsmultigenerational diabetestransgenerational diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Metabolic disease
  • Developmental programming

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes (GDM) adversely affects maternal and fetal metabolic health, increasing risks for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in offspring.
  • Maternal obesity exacerbates GDM's negative impact on fetal growth and adipogenesis, contributing to multigenerational metabolic disease risk.
  • Genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic factors interact with lifestyle and environment in GDM development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms linking maternal GDM to adverse offspring metabolic outcomes.
  • To identify potential early biomarkers for GDM risk assessment.
  • To understand the role of developmental programming in mediating transgenerational metabolic disease risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic factors contributing to GDM.
  • Analysis of maternal metabolome changes in GDM.
  • Examination of the impact of the intra-uterine environment on fetal adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Offspring of mothers with GDM face higher risks of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and developing GDM themselves.
  • Maternal obesity intensifies fetal adipogenesis derangement.
  • Maternal metabolome alterations (fatty acid oxidation, inflammation, insulin resistance) may serve as early GDM biomarkers.
  • Fetal epigenetic modifications in response to GDM can mediate multi- and transgenerational risk.
  • Intra-uterine environment influences fetal insulin sensitivity and metabolic challenge response.

Conclusions:

  • GDM poses significant multigenerational metabolic risks, influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic factors.
  • Early identification of at-risk women via metabolomic biomarkers is promising.
  • Understanding developmental programming is key to mitigating long-term metabolic consequences and improving population health.