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Related Concept Videos

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes02:40

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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
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Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains — Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Microfluidic Co-culture of Epithelial Cells and Bacteria for Investigating Soluble Signal-mediated Interactions
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Where bacteria and eukaryotes meet.

Liraz Chai1,2, Elizabeth A Shank3, Vasily Zaburdaev4,5

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

Journal of Bacteriology
|January 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This workshop explored the interdisciplinary life of microbes, from single cells to multicellular aggregates. Focused brainstorming sessions united experts in biofilm research and related fields like medicine and biophysics.

Keywords:
biofilmsextracellular matrixmechanosensingmulticellularitytissuesworkshop

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biofilm Research
  • Interdisciplinary Science

Background:

  • The "Interdisciplinary life of microbes: from single cells to multicellular aggregates" workshop convened in Dresden, November 9-13, 2022.
  • The event followed a virtual preassembly in November 2021.
  • It gathered experts in biofilm research and adjacent fields including medicine, chemistry, and biophysics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To foster interdisciplinary collaboration in microbial research.
  • To explore microbial life from single cells to multicellular aggregates.
  • To highlight the importance of focused brainstorming sessions in scientific advancement.

Main Methods:

  • An international workshop format.
  • Focused brainstorming sessions as a key component.
  • In-person collaboration between diverse scientific disciplines.

Main Results:

  • Brought together prominent experts in biofilm research.
  • Included researchers from medicine, chemistry, and theoretical/experimental biophysics.
  • Facilitated exchange between eukaryotic and prokaryotic research communities.

Conclusions:

  • The workshop successfully bridged diverse scientific fields.
  • Focused brainstorming sessions were central to the event's success.
  • This commentary reflects the key outcomes and discussions from the workshop.