Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2025
Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents
Published on: April 25, 2017
Bladder outlet obstruction in women: Advanced evaluation
Patrick M Lec1, Victor W Nitti1
1Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Introduction:
Herein, we provide a review of the indications, practical considerations, and interpretation of urodynamics (UDS) with or without fluoroscopy, as well as cystourethroscopy, for women with suspected bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).
Methods And Results:
A narrative review was performed focusing on the current primary literature and society guidelines around advanced diagnostic modalities for female BOO patients. UDS studies help diagnose BOO by identifying high-pressure low-flow voiding patterns and/or the characteristic radiographic appearance of the bladder neck and urethra during micturition. Cystourethroscopy aids in evaluating structural aberrations of the bladder outlet, and in surgical planning.
Conclusions:
UDS studies and cystourethroscopy are useful adjuncts in carefully-selected female patients with suspected BOO.
