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Related Concept Videos

Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

36.0K
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats
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Meta-Analysis of Social Presence Effects on Stroop Task Performance.

Teresa Garcia-Marques1, Alexandre C Fernandes1

  • 1William James Center for Research, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.

Psychological Reports
|January 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Social presence reduces cognitive interference on the Stroop task. This effect is stronger with attentive audiences and classic task versions, suggesting social facilitation influences cognitive control.

Keywords:
Stroop interferenceattentive presencemere presencepresence of otherssocial facilitation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Social facilitation theory posits that the presence of others affects performance.
  • The Stroop task measures cognitive control and interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analytically review the impact of social presence on Stroop task performance.
  • To investigate cognitive processes underlying social facilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis of 33 studies following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Examined moderating factors including type of social presence and Stroop task features.

Main Results:

  • Social presence significantly reduces Stroop interference, indicating enhanced cognitive control.
  • The effect is stronger with attentive audiences and classic Stroop tasks.
  • No effect was found with evaluative audiences; effect size decreased with more trials.

Conclusions:

  • Social presence modulates cognitive control on the Stroop task, supporting social facilitation theories.
  • The nature of the audience and task design critically influence this social effect.