Morphologic and Molecular Heterogeneity of High-grade Serous Carcinoma Precursor Lesions

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is the fallopian tube precursor lesion for most cases of pelvic high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). To date, the morphologic, molecular, and clinical heterogeneity of STIC and a less atypical putative precursor lesion, termed serous tubal intraepithelial lesion, has not been well characterized. Better understanding of precursor heterogeneity could impact the clinical management of women with incidental STICs (without concurrent carcinoma) identified in cases of prophylactic or opportunistic salpingectomy. This study analyzed morphologic and molecular features of 171 STICs and 21 serous tubal intraepithelial lesions. We assessed their histologic features, Ki-67 and p53 staining patterns, and genome-wide DNA copy number alterations. We classified all precursor lesions into 2 morphologic subtypes, one with a flat surface (Flat) and the other characterized by budding, loosely adherent, or detached (BLAD) morphology. On the basis of pathology review by a panel of 8 gynecologic pathologists, we found 87 BLAD, 96 Flat, and 9 indeterminate lesions. As compared with Flat lesions, BLAD lesions were more frequently diagnostic of STIC ( P <0.0001) and were found concurrently with HGSC ( P <0.0001). BLAD morphology was also characterized by higher Ki-67 proliferation index ( P <0.0001), presence of epithelial stratification ( P <0.0001), and increased lymphocyte density ( P <0.0001). BLAD lesions also exhibited more frequent DNA copy number gain/amplification at the CCNE1 or CMYC loci canonical to HGSCs ( P <0.0001). Both BLAD morphology and STIC diagnoses are independent risk factors for an elevated Ki-67 proliferation index. No correlation was observed between BLAD and Flat lesions with respect to patient age, presence of germline BRCA1/2 mutation, or p53 staining pattern. These findings suggest that tubal precursor lesions are morphologically and molecularly heterogeneous, laying the foundation for further studies on the pathogenesis of HGSC initiation and identifying histologic features predictive of poor patient outcomes.