Mechanisms of cholesterol synthesis inhibition by D-glucosamine

The amino sugar D-glucosamine possesses antitumor activity which is thought to depend in part upon its ability to impair cholesterol biosynthesis and damage cellular membranes. The present study examined the effect of glucosamine on acetate utilization for lipid and sterol synthesis in rat C6 glial tumor cells. At cytotoxic concentrations, the amino sugar inhibited [14C]acetate incorporation into nonesterified sterols and lipids but increased the flow of label into cholesteryl esters. A comparison of the rates of acetate utilization for glucosamine metabolism (N-acetylation) and sterol and lipid synthesis suggested that glucosamine might act by competing for a common cytosolic pool of acetyl CoA. The inhibition of lipid and sterol synthesis, however, remained constant over a wide range of extracellular acetate concentrations. These results suggest that, if glucosamine acts by restricting the supply of acetate for these biosynthetic processes, it probably inhibits a step prior to the formation of acetyl CoA. Alternative mechanisms are discussed.