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Updated: Jul 4, 2025
Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages
Published on: May 21, 2018
Wogonin induces apoptosis in macrophages by exhibiting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects
Ping-Kun Tsai1,2,3,4,5, Chen-Yu Chiang6, Tzu-Ching Wang7,8
1Department of Internal Medicine, Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Abstract:
Macrophages play an important role in defending the body against invading pathogens. In the face of pathogens, macrophages become activated and release toxic materials that disrupt the pathogens. Macrophage overactivation can lead to severe illness and inflammation. Wogonin has several therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. No studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of wogonin at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM in RAW264.7 cells. In this study, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with wogonin, which, at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM, had cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the RAW264.7 cells, leading to apoptosis and necrosis. Further, wogonin at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM induced caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction and death receptor expression. These results suggest that wogonin induces apoptosis through upstream intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by exhibiting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.
Insights
Wogonin exhibits cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells at concentrations above 0.1 mM, inducing apoptosis and necrosis. This natural compound activates key apoptosis pathways, including caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Macrophages are crucial immune cells that protect against pathogens but can cause inflammation when overactivated.
- Wogonin is known for various therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects.
- The cytotoxic effects of wogonin on RAW264.7 cells at higher concentrations remain unexplored.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of wogonin on RAW264.7 cells at concentrations exceeding 0.1 mM.
- To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying wogonin-induced cell death.
Main Methods:
- RAW264.7 cells were treated with varying concentrations of wogonin.
- Assays were performed to assess cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis, caspase activation, and mitochondrial function.
Main Results:
- Wogonin at concentrations > 0.1 mM demonstrated significant cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells.
- Wogonin treatment led to apoptosis and necrosis.
- Activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, along with mitochondrial dysfunction and death receptor expression, was observed.
Conclusions:
- Wogonin induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways at concentrations above 0.1 mM.
- The observed cytotoxic and genotoxic effects are linked to caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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