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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury
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Lessons learned for spine SABR?

Stephane Thibodeau1, Gregory Paulin1, Fabio Ynoe Moraes1,2

  • 1Department of Oncology, Queen's University Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada.

Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology
|February 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) improves survival in oligometastatic disease and offers better local control and pain relief for spine tumors. Further trials are needed to expand SABR accessibility globally.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Oligometastatic disease presents a unique clinical challenge, bridging limited metastatic burden and widespread dissemination.
  • Metastatic spine tumors significantly impact patient quality of life due to pain and potential neurological compromise.
  • Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) has emerged as a potent therapeutic modality for localized cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of SABR in patients with oligometastatic disease.
  • To assess the role of Spine SABR in improving local control and pain response for spinal metastases.
  • To review the technical feasibility and current outcomes of SABR for metastatic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical data on SABR for oligometastatic and spinal metastatic disease.
  • Analysis of reported local control rates and pain response data from single and multi-fraction SABR regimens.
  • Assessment of the availability and requirements of advanced technical systems for SABR delivery.

Main Results:

  • SABR demonstrates survival benefits in oligometastatic settings, especially in low-volume disease.
  • Spine SABR shows promise for enhanced local control (75-95%) and variable pain response (40-90%) in metastatic spine tumors.
  • Essential technical infrastructure for SABR, including advanced image guidance, is becoming more accessible.

Conclusions:

  • SABR is a valuable treatment option for select oligometastatic and spinal metastatic cases, offering significant local control and symptom palliation.
  • Continued research, including randomized trials, is crucial to define optimal SABR applications across diverse patient populations and clinical scenarios.
  • Global health considerations are important for ensuring wider accessibility to SABR treatments.