A Sustainable Dual Cross-Linked Cellulose Hydrogel Electrolyte for High-Performance Zinc-Metal Batteries

Aqueous rechargeable Zn-metal batteries (ARZBs) are considered one of the most promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage. However, their widespread commercial application is largely plagued by three major challenges: The uncontrollable Zn dendrites, notorious parasitic side reactions, and sluggish Zn²⁺ ion transfer. To address these issues, we design a sustainable dual cross-linked cellulose hydrogel electrolyte, which has excellent mechanical strength to inhibit dendrite formation, high Zn²⁺ ions binding capacity to suppress side reaction, and abundant porous structure to facilitate Zn²⁺ ions migration. Consequently, the Zn||Zn cell with the hydrogel electrolyte can cycle stably for more than 400 h under a high current density of 10 mA cm^-2. Moreover, the hydrogel electrolyte also enables the Zn||polyaniline cell to achieve high-rate and long-term cycling performance (> 2000 cycles at 2000 mA g^-1). Remarkably, the hydrogel electrolyte is easily accessible and biodegradable, making the ARZBs attractive in terms of scalability and sustainability.