Sonchus oleraceus L.: ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects

Area of Science:

• Ethnobotany
• Phytochemistry
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), or sowthistle, is a widespread plant recognized for its traditional use as food and medicine across various cultures.
• Despite its common perception as a weed, sowthistle possesses a rich history of ethnomedical applications for numerous ailments.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct an integrative review documenting the ethnomedical uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities of Sonchus oleraceus.
• To consolidate existing scientific literature on sowthistle to support its traditional applications and identify research gaps.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature search across scientific databases for studies on Sonchus oleraceus.
• Analysis and synthesis of data related to ethnomedical uses, identified secondary metabolites, and reported pharmacological activities.

Main Results:

• Forty-one papers document sowthistle's use for gastrointestinal issues, diabetes, inflammation, infections, hepatitis, and wound healing, alongside its consumption as food.
• Flavonoids and terpene lactones are the primary secondary metabolites identified, with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities being the most studied pharmacological effects.
• In vitro and in vivo studies validate many ethnomedical uses, though research has primarily focused on the whole plant, leaves, and aerial parts.

Conclusions:

• The ethnomedical uses of Sonchus oleraceus are supported by documented phytochemical and pharmacological data, particularly its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
• Further research into under-explored parts of the plant is recommended to discover novel bioactive compounds.
• The absence of clinical studies presents a significant opportunity for future research to advance scientific understanding and validate therapeutic potential.