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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Mouse Models of Cancer Study02:43

Mouse Models of Cancer Study

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Mice have long served as models for studying human biology and pathology because of their phylogenetic and physiological similarity with humans. They are also easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory, and hence, many inbred strains are now available for research. Studies on mice have contributed immeasurably to our understanding of cancer biology.
The development of transgenic, knockout, and knock-in mice has led to an exponential increase in their use as model organisms in research,...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Tissue-specific and cis-regulatory changes underlie parallel, adaptive gene expression evolution in house mice.

Sylvia M Durkin1, Mallory A Ballinger1, Michael W Nachman1

  • 1Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America.

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Summary

Adaptive evolution in mice shows parallel gene expression changes driven by cis-regulatory alterations in tissue-specific genes. These findings illuminate early-stage gene regulatory evolution during divergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene regulation changes are key to adaptive evolution.
  • The roles of cis- and trans-acting factors in short-term evolution are not fully understood.
  • Studying parallel evolution can reveal mechanisms of divergence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene expression patterns in mice adapted to different climates.
  • To determine the relative contributions of cis- and trans-acting changes in early adaptive evolution.
  • To assess the role of tissue-specific and cis-regulated genes in parallel evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative gene expression analysis in liver and brown adipose tissue of warm- and cold-adapted mouse strains.
  • Allele-specific expression analysis in F1 hybrids.
  • Integration of expression data with population genetic scans for selection.

Main Results:

  • Parallel gene expression changes were observed more frequently than expected by chance.
  • Expression evolution was predominantly linked to tissue-specific and cis-regulated genes.
  • Genes under selection in natural populations showed parallelism and were enriched for cis-regulation, impacting traits like body size and immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Parallel gene expression evolution in independently adapting mouse populations is largely driven by cis-regulatory changes.
  • Tissue-specific regulation plays a significant role in early adaptive divergence.
  • Cis-regulatory changes under selection influence key adaptive phenotypes.