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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1
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Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1

Published on: May 27, 2016

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Promoting (and targeting) alternative expression.

Asha Pillai1

  • 1Hematology, Hematologic Malignancies, and Transplantation, Global Development Scientific Council, Regeneron Therapeutics, Tarrytown, NY, USA.

Science Immunology
|February 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Upstream promoters influence ST2 expression and T helper 1 (TH1) cell function. These lineage-specific effects are crucial for understanding T cell responses.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • T helper 1 (TH1) cells are critical for adaptive immunity.
  • Interleukin-33 receptor ST2 plays a role in TH1 cell responses.
  • Regulation of gene expression by upstream promoters is fundamental to cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how upstream promoters impact ST2 expression.
  • To determine the effects of these regulatory elements on TH1 cell effector functions.
  • To elucidate lineage-specific mechanisms controlling TH1 cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of upstream promoter regions associated with the ST2 gene.
  • Quantitative assessment of ST2 messenger RNA and protein levels in TH1 cells.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2025

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  • Functional assays measuring TH1 cell effector functions, such as cytokine production.

    • Main Results:

    • Specific upstream promoters were identified as key regulators of ST2 expression in TH1 cells.
    • Variations in promoter activity led to differential ST2 levels.
    • Altered ST2 expression correlated with changes in TH1 cell effector functions.

    Conclusions:

    • Upstream promoter activity is a critical determinant of ST2 expression and function in TH1 cells.
    • Lineage-specific promoter effects provide a mechanism for fine-tuning TH1 cell responses.
    • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for therapeutic strategies targeting T cell immunity.