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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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A Fluoride-Rich Solid-Like Electrolyte Stabilizing Lithium Metal Batteries.

Huashan Wang1, Weiyuan Huang2, Ruijun Rao1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A novel fluoride-rich solid-like electrolyte (SLE) enhances lithium metal anode performance by enabling uniform deposition and high ionic conductivity. This breakthrough offers stable cycling and simpler battery assembly compared to traditional solid-state designs.

Keywords:
Li metal anodessolid electrolyte interphasessolid‐like electrolytes

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium metal anodes face challenges with dendrite formation and poor cycling stability.
  • Conventional liquid electrolytes pose safety risks and limit energy density.
  • Solid-state electrolytes offer safety but often suffer from low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial contact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a fluoride-rich solid-like electrolyte (SLE) that combines the advantages of solid-state and liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.
  • To improve the reversibility, interfacial charge transfer, and lithium deposition uniformity of lithium anodes.
  • To achieve high ionic conductivity and stable cycling performance in lithium-based batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a fluoride-rich solid-like electrolyte with triflate-group-enhanced frame channels.
  • Characterization of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and lithium ion transport properties.
  • Electrochemical testing of lithium symmetric cells and Li||LiFePO4 batteries, including plating/stripping cycling and critical current density measurements.

Main Results:

  • The SLE facilitates the formation of an inorganic-rich SEI, promoting uniform and compact lithium deposition.
  • Triflate groups enable efficient Li+ decoupling and transport, resulting in high room-temperature ionic conductivity (1.1 mS cm⁻¹) and low activation energy (0.17 eV).
  • Lithium symmetric cells demonstrated stable plating/stripping over 3500 hours and supported a high critical current density of 2 mA cm⁻².
  • Li||LiFePO4 batteries exhibited exceptional cyclability (>1.5 years), outperforming liquid electrolyte cells.
  • Demonstrated feasibility in high-voltage cylindrical and high-capacity pouch cells with simpler processability than all-solid-state batteries.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fluoride-rich SLE effectively addresses key limitations of lithium metal anodes.
  • The SLE offers a promising pathway towards safer, high-performance, and easily processable lithium-based batteries.
  • This technology represents a significant advancement over conventional liquid and all-solid-state battery electrolytes.