Sulfur-manganese carbonate composite autotrophic denitrification: nitrogen removal performance and biochemistry...

A novel composite sulfur-manganese carbonate autotrophic denitrification (SMAD) system was developed to reduce sulfate production and provide pH buffer function while improving denitrification efficiency without external organics. The average removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) was 98.09% and 96.29%, and that of NO₃^--N was 99.53% and 97.77%, respectively, in the SMAD system with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h and 3 h. They were significantly higher than that in the controls (quartz sand, manganese carbonate ore, and sulfur systems). The H⁺ produced by the sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) process promoted the release of Mn²⁺ in the SMAD system. And this system had a stable pH with no accumulation of NO₂^--N. The decrease of sulfate and formation of Mn oxides through Mn²⁺ electron donation confirmed the presence of the manganese autotrophic denitrification (MAD) process in the SMAD system. Dominant functional bacteria in the SMAD system were Thiobacillus, Chlorobium, and Sulfurimonas, which were linked to nitrogen, sulfur, and manganese conversion and promoted denitrification. Meanwhile, Flavobacterium participating in Mn²⁺ oxidation was found only in the SMAD system. The SMAD system provided a new strategy for advanced tailwater treatment.