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Chirality

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...

Chirality in Nature

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed...

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Nonlocal Metasurface with Chiral Exceptional Points in the Telecom-Band.

Haojie Li¹, Qianwen Jia¹, Guoxia Yang¹

¹Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Multiscale Spin Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R.C.

|February 5, 2024

Summary

Researchers achieved chiral exceptional points (EPs) in parity-time (PT) symmetry systems using a nonlocal metasurface. This breakthrough enables practical applications in the telecom band, overcoming previous fabrication challenges.

Keywords:

PT symmetry chiral exceptional point optical telecom-band metasurface sensor surface plasmon

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Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

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Published on: December 27, 2012

Area of Science:

* Photonics and Metamaterials
* Quantum Physics and Optics

Background:

* Exceptional points (EPs) are critical phase transition points in parity-time (PT) symmetry systems, exhibiting unique phenomena like chiral responses.
* Practical realization of chiral EPs has been hindered by complex fabrication and limitations in working bandwidth and device size.

Purpose of the Study:

* To propose and experimentally demonstrate a nonlocal metasurface for achieving chiral exceptional points (EPs) in the telecom band.
* To overcome the challenges associated with gain-loss balance and device miniaturization in PT-symmetric systems.

Main Methods:

* Fabrication of a nonlocal metasurface composed of orthogonal gold nanorods.
* Modulation of optical loss by precisely controlling nanorod size and lattice pitch.
* Experimental observation of PT symmetry phase transition and chiral EP by tuning coupling strength in the telecom band.

Main Results:

* Experimental observation of PT symmetry phase transition and chiral EP in the telecom band.
* Achieved high circular conversion dichroism values of 0.79 experimentally and 0.99 theoretically at the EP.
* Theoretical demonstration of an abrupt phase flip in a specific component near the EP.

Conclusions:

* The proposed nonlocal metasurface offers a feasible scheme for exploring EPs in polarized space within the telecom band.
* This advancement paves the way for potential applications in polarization control, wavelength division multiplexing, ultrasensitive sensing, and advanced imaging.