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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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Getting back in the loop: Does autonomous driving duration affect driver's takeover performance?

Arthur Portron1, Gaëtan Perrotte1,2, Guillaume Ollier1

  • 1Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France.

Heliyon
|February 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Level 3 autonomous driving durations impact driver takeover performance non-linearly. A 15-minute autonomous driving period showed the safest results, highlighting the critical role of non-driving tasks in automation use.

Keywords:
Driver behaviorLong durationsNon-critical eventSimulating level-3 automationTakeover request

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Area of Science:

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Automotive engineering
  • Cognitive psychology

Background:

  • Level 3 autonomous driving systems allow drivers to engage in non-driving tasks, but require timely takeover during complex situations.
  • The transition between autonomous control and manual driving may lead to an 'out-of-the-loop' state, affecting driver performance.
  • Previous research suggests potential issues with the long-term prospect of highly automated driving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that longer durations of Level 3 autonomous driving progressively impair driver takeover performance.
  • To investigate the nonlinear relationship between autonomous driving duration and driver takeover effectiveness.
  • To identify optimal durations for Level 3 autonomous system use to ensure driver safety.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-two participants experienced varying durations (5, 15, 45, 60 minutes) of Level 3 autonomous driving.
  • Takeover performance was assessed via reaction times and manual driving metrics (trajectories) after a takeover request with an 8.3-second budget.
  • Performance was evaluated across two successive drives to observe adaptation effects.

Main Results:

  • The hypothesis of a linear impact was not confirmed; a nonlinear relationship between autonomous driving duration and takeover performance was observed.
  • A 15-minute autonomous driving duration demonstrated overall safer takeover performance compared to other durations.
  • Driving performance significantly improved during the second drive, indicating rapid adaptation after repeated takeovers.

Conclusions:

  • The duration of Level 3 autonomous driving significantly influences driver takeover performance in a nonlinear manner.
  • A 15-minute autonomous driving interval appears to be a safer duration for maintaining driver vigilance and readiness.
  • The nature of non-driving tasks (dynamics, content, engagement) is critical for safe Level 3 automation use, supporting reservations about fully automated driving paradigms.