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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

163
AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
163
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
2.2K
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

409
For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing...
409
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

437
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
437
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

342
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
342
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

977
Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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Updated: Jul 4, 2025

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer
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A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer

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Interrogating a Mixed Actinide Basket Using High-Resolution γ-Ray Spectrometry: A Nuclear Forensic Perspective on

Sabyasachi Patra1, Agnes Maria Mani1,2, Satyam Kumar1

  • 1Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.

Analytical Chemistry
|February 8, 2024
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Summary

Accurately assaying fissile materials in seized nuclear samples is crucial for nuclear forensics. A new iterative method improves on-site quantification of mixed actinides, enhancing decision-making for smuggled materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear forensics
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Radiochemistry

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of fissile content in seized nuclear materials is vital for nuclear forensics and legal proceedings.
  • High-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry (HRGRS) offers a non-destructive method for rapid on-site assessment of radiological threats.
  • Quantifying mixed actinide samples in heterogeneous matrices presents significant challenges due to varying gamma-ray attenuation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the challenges of varying attenuation in heterogeneous nuclear material samples.
  • To develop a novel approach for the on-site quantification of mixed actinides in seized materials.
  • To improve the accuracy and efficiency of nuclear forensics investigations.

Main Methods:

  • An iterative efficiency transfer approach was developed, transitioning from "point" to "extended" source models.
  • This method accounts for differing gamma-ray attenuation across subcontainments within heterogeneous samples.
  • The approach was validated using four mock-up samples and a legacy packet simulating seized nuclear materials.

Main Results:

  • An absolute isotopic inventory for fissile and other radioisotopes was achieved with <10% accuracy.
  • Total uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) content was determined with <3% accuracy.
  • Measurement uncertainties were below 10% for the majority of isotopes and elements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed iterative efficiency transfer method shows significant potential for on-site nuclear forensics in smuggling scenarios.
  • The approach effectively handles the complexities of heterogeneous mixed actinide samples.
  • This method is adaptable for various other applications requiring accurate radioisotope quantification.