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Related Concept Videos

Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Overview
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Condensins02:15

Condensins

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique
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Activity-driven chromatin organization during interphase: compaction, segregation, and entanglement suppression.

Brian Chan1, Michael Rubinstein1,2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Active loop extrusion by the cohesin complex compacts mammalian chromatin, creating distinct topological domains (TADs) and enabling gene regulation. This process explains chromatin

Keywords:
Biophysics and Computational BiologyPhysical Sciencesactive matterchromatin organizationloop extrusionpolymer physics

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mammalian cells utilize the cohesin complex for chromatin organization during interphase via active loop extrusion.
  • Experimental data suggest compact chromatin structures with limited inter-chromosomal and intra-chromosomal mixing.

Approach:

  • Developed a theoretical model for active loop extrusion's impact on chromatin fractal dimension.
  • Validated the theory using hybrid molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations.
  • Compared theoretical predictions with experimental findings on chromatin conformation.

Key Points:

  • Active loop extrusion induces a crossover in chromatin's fractal dimension around 30 kbp contour length.
  • Compaction occurs within topologically associated domains (TADs), aiding distal regulatory element function.
  • Loop extrusion segregates TADs, reduces TAD overlaps, and increases chromatin entanglement.

Conclusions:

  • Provides a theoretical framework for interphase chromatin compaction.
  • Explains the physical basis for TAD segregation and reduced chromatin entanglement.
  • Links active loop extrusion to efficient gene regulation through chromatin organization.