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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Conductive catalysis by subsurface transition metals.

Xin Deng¹, Caiyan Zheng², Yangsheng Li³

¹Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.

National Science Review

|February 8, 2024

Summary

Conductive catalysis transfers catalytic activity from buried metals to surface metals via electronic interactions. This new concept challenges traditional active sites and offers novel ways to control catalysis.

Keywords:

conductive catalysis electronic interaction subsurface transition metal

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Published on: June 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Catalysis research historically focuses on active centers and electronic structures.
Understanding the fundamental nature of catalytic activity remains a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and verify the concept of conductive catalysis.
To investigate electronic interactions between buried active metals and exposed inert metals.

Main Methods:

Theoretical simulations to model electronic interactions.
Experimental observations to validate theoretical predictions.
Construction of metallic systems with buried transitional metals (Pd, Rh) and exposed main group metals (Al, Mg).

Main Results:

Electronic interactions via metallic bonding enable catalytic property transfer.
Subsurface catalytic activity (Pd, Rh) was observed on outermost inert metals (Al, Mg).
Successful application in semi-hydrogenation, Suzuki-coupling, and hydroformylation reactions.

Conclusions:

Introduced the concept of conductive catalysis, where catalytic force is transferable.
Challenged traditional definitions of active centers, emphasizing electronic transfer.
Potential for shielding active sites from poisoning and precise catalytic property regulation.