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Developing a GC-EI-MS/MS method for quantifying warfarin and five hydroxylated metabolites generated by the Fenton
Wipert Jannik von Törne1,2, Urszula-Anna Klyk-Seitz1, Christian Piechotta3,4
1Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|February 8, 2024
Summary
Warfarin, a common anticoagulant and rodenticide, can degrade into transformation products. This study developed a GC-MS/MS method using Fenton reactions to identify these hydroxylated warfarin products, finding 4'-Me-O-WAR forms preferentially.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Analytical Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
Background:
- Warfarin is widely used as a prescription drug and rodenticide.
- Warfarin and its degradation products are environmental contaminants.
- Detecting degraded parent compounds can be challenging due to transformation products.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify hydroxylated transformation products of warfarin after degradation.
- To develop a robust analytical method for detecting warfarin transformation products.
- To understand warfarin's environmental degradation pathways.
Main Methods:
- Fenton reaction utilized to generate hydroxyl radicals for warfarin hydroxylation.
- Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method developed for quantification.
- Isotopically labeled reference compounds and derivatization used for accurate analysis.
- C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) for analyte enrichment.
Main Results:
- The Fenton reaction successfully generated preselected hydroxylated warfarin products.
- The GC-MS/MS method demonstrated a linear working range and defined detection limits.
- 4'-Me-O-WAR was identified as the preferentially formed transformation product.
- SPE clean-up procedures were optimized for complex matrices.
Conclusions:
- A reliable GC-MS/MS method was established for identifying warfarin transformation products.
- The study provides insights into warfarin degradation mechanisms.
- The developed method can be applied to environmental samples for contaminant monitoring.
