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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Graphics
    • Material Appearance Modeling
    • Surface Reflectance

    Background:

    • Microfacet reflectance models are crucial for realistic visual appearances.
    • The visibility (masking) term significantly impacts surface appearance.
    • Existing theoretical masking terms rely on assumptions often violated by real surfaces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To conduct an in-depth study of masking for meshed height-field surfaces.
    • To compare experimentally estimated masking with theoretical models.
    • To propose a predictive model for the accuracy of theoretical masking terms.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental estimation of masking and shadowing using ray-casting.
    • Comparison of ray-casting results with the Smith (1967) and Ashikhmin et al. (2000) theoretical models.
    • Development of a model to predict the deviation between theoretical and ray-casted masking.

    Main Results:

    • Theoretical model assumptions are too restrictive for most real-world surfaces.
    • The Smith-Ashikhmin masking term provides reasonable approximations for a subset of surfaces.
    • Ray-casting estimation showed significant deviations from theoretical models for many surfaces.

    Conclusions:

    • While theoretical assumptions are often violated, the Smith-Ashikhmin masking term offers a computationally efficient approximation with visually similar results for many real-world surfaces.
    • The proposed predictive model can estimate errors in physically-based rendering simulations using microfacet BRDFs derived from real-world surfaces.
    • Explicit ray-casting calculation of the masking term can be avoided in some rendering scenarios.