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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
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Updated: May 1, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
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New Directions in Infection-Associated Ischemic Stroke.

Jin-Man Jung1, András Gruber2, Peter Heseltine3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea; Korea University Zebrafish, Translational Medical Research Center, Ansan, Korea.

Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea)
|February 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infections can trigger strokes through various mechanisms. Identifying specific biomarkers like fibrin D-dimer is crucial for developing targeted therapies for infection-associated stroke.

Keywords:
anticardiolipin/antiphospholipid antibodiesfibrin D-dimerinfectionsstrokethrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • The link between infections and stroke is not fully understood, hindering targeted treatment development.
  • Infections may contribute to stroke through hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, vasculitis, and impaired thrombolysis.
  • COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) is associated with stroke, its most severe neurological complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms linking infections to stroke.
  • To discuss challenges in developing specific therapies for infection-associated stroke.
  • To explore the role of biomarkers in distinguishing causative infections from incidental ones.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review of existing literature.
  • It examines proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of infection-induced stroke.
  • It discusses potential biomarkers for identifying pathogenic infections.

Main Results:

  • Infections can precipitate stroke via hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, vasculitis, and impaired thrombolysis.
  • Distinguishing causative infections from incidental infections is a key challenge.
  • Elevated fibrin D-dimer and anticardiolipin/antiphospholipid antibodies are candidate biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding infection-stroke mechanisms is vital for therapeutic advancement.
  • Biomarkers like fibrin D-dimer may help identify infections that trigger stroke.
  • Identifying pathogenic infections is a prerequisite for developing specific therapies for infection-associated stroke.