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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

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An integrated analytical modeling framework for determining site-specific soil screening levels for PFAS.

Jacob Smith1, Mark L Brusseau2, Bo Guo1

  • 1Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, United States of America.

Water Research
|February 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

New models for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil account for unique behaviors. This improves site-specific soil screening levels (SSLs) for contaminated sites, especially for longer-chain PFAS.

Keywords:
Attenuation and dilutionGroundwaterMaximum contaminant level (MCL)Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)Soil screening levels (SSLs)Vadose zone

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Soils at contaminated sites accumulate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), necessitating remediation to prevent groundwater contamination.
  • Current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) soil screening level (SSL) approaches are designed for non-PFAS contaminants and may not accurately reflect PFAS behavior.
  • The unique interfacial-activity and leaching characteristics of many PFAS in soils render existing non-PFAS models potentially inapplicable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new modeling framework that incorporates PFAS-specific transport processes for determining site-specific SSLs.
  • To adapt the USEPA's general methodology for creating a PFAS-focused SSL framework.
  • To provide a more accurate tool for assessing PFAS-contaminated sites.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an integrated modeling framework by coupling a process-based analytical model for PFAS leaching in the vadose zone with a dilution factor model for groundwater.
  • Applied the new modeling framework to two representative types of contaminated sites.
  • Compared the results from the new PFAS-specific model with the standard USEPA SSL approach.

Main Results:

  • The new modeling framework provides site-specific SSLs that account for PFAS-specific transport.
  • For less interfacially-active shorter-chain PFAS, SSLs derived from the new model were within a factor of 2 of standard model values.
  • For more interfacially-active longer-chain PFAS, SSLs derived from the new model were up to two orders of magnitude greater than standard model values.

Conclusions:

  • The developed analytical modeling framework is an effective tool for deriving accurate site-specific SSLs for PFAS-contaminated sites.
  • Accounting for PFAS-specific transport processes can significantly alter SSLs, particularly for longer-chain compounds.
  • The new framework can improve site characterization and remedial efforts at sites impacted by PFAS contamination.