Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

2.4K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
2.4K
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

2.6K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
2.6K
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

11.1K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
11.1K
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

544
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
544
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

937
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
937
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

3.4K
Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Doubly regularized generalized linear models for spatial observations with high-dimensional covariates.

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics·2026
Same author

Intraindividual cognitive variability predicts amyloid beta, tau PET, and dementia conversion in Down syndrome: a potential marker of cognitive resilience.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Building an Interoperable Rare Disease Multi-omic Resource: The GREGoR Data Model and Dataset.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Covariate-Adjusted Inference for Differential Analysis of High-Dimensional Networks.

Sankhya. Series A. (2008)·2026
Same author

The glucose monitoring comparison in primary care study (GluCoCare): Study design, methods, recruitment success, and baseline characteristics of study participants.

Contemporary clinical trials·2026
Same author

Digital Atlases to Unlock the Potential of Brain Biorepository Tissues for Interdisciplinary Research.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

The impact of statins on aldosterone production in healthy adults: a randomized controlled study.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same journal

Efficacy and safety of propylthiouracil protocols: high-dose monotherapy vs combination of low-dose with iodine.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same journal

Correction to: "Diazoxide Choline Extended-Release (DCCR) Use in Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patient Selection, Dosing, and Management".

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same journal

Placental abundances of IGF1, IGF2, IGFBP2, IGF2R, and PPARα are associated with birth weight.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same journal

Correction to: "Disparities in Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis Based on Residence and Distance From Medical Facility".

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same journal

Model-based somapacitan dosing and IGF-I response in children born SGA or with ISS, Noonan or Turner syndromes.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
12:12

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Published on: June 16, 2011

13.5K

GAD65Abs Are Not Associated With Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Patients With T2D in the GRADE Study.

Christiane S Hampe1, Ali Shojaie2, Barbara Brooks-Worrell2,3

  • 1Immusoft, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.

Journal of the Endocrine Society
|February 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65Abs) are common in type 2 diabetes (T2D) but do not impact beta-cell function. These GAD65Abs in T2D patients resemble profiles seen in healthy individuals, suggesting they are unrelated to T2D pathogenesis.

Keywords:
T cell–mediated autoimmunityanti-idiotypic antibodiesepitope-specific autoantibodieshumoral autoimmunityislet autoantibodieslatent autoimmune diabetes of adults

More Related Videos

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
09:31

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

7.3K
Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets
09:31

Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets

Published on: June 25, 2012

14.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
12:12

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Published on: June 16, 2011

13.5K
Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
09:31

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

7.3K
Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets
09:31

Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets

Published on: June 25, 2012

14.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65Abs) are established markers for autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • However, GAD65Abs are also found in individuals with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults, autoimmune neuromuscular diseases, and healthy populations.
  • Previous studies indicated GAD65Abs presence in 7.8% of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients without correlation to glycemic control or beta-cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To further characterize islet autoantibodies, specifically GAD65Abs, within a T2D cohort.
  • To analyze GAD65Abs epitope specificity and the presence of anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) against GAD65Abs in T2D patients.
  • To determine the association between GAD65Ab positivity, epitope specificity, anti-Id, and beta-cell function in T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a competition assay to stringently define GAD65Ab positivity.
  • Analyzed the epitope specificity of GAD65Abs in the T2D cohort.
  • Measured serum levels of GAD65Ab-specific anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id).

Main Results:

  • Confirmed GAD65Ab positivity in 5.9% of the T2D patients via competition assays.
  • Found no association between GAD65Ab positivity, epitope specificity, or anti-Id levels and beta-cell function.
  • Observed that GAD65-related autoantibody profiles in T2D patients mirror those in healthy individuals, characterized by low titers, single autoantibody presence, lack of distinct epitope patterns, and presence of anti-Id.

Conclusions:

  • GAD65Ab positivity in this T2D cohort appears unrelated to the underlying pathogenesis of beta-cell dysfunction.
  • While evidence for islet autoimmunity in T2D pathophysiology is growing, T1D-associated autoantibodies may not fully represent the autoimmune mechanisms in T2D.
  • Further research is needed to understand the specific autoimmune processes contributing to T2D beta-cell dysfunction.