Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

5.3K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
5.3K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

5.4K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
5.4K
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.3K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
44.3K
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

848
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
848
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

335
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
335
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

3.8K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Human Single-Neuron Responses to Multi-Feature Auditory Deviants: Evidence From Medial Temporal Lobe.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same author

Physical activity enhances theta-periodicity of visual attentional allocation.

iScience·2026
Same author

Post-Meal Activity and Eating Disorder Behaviors: An Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Study.

The International journal of eating disorders·2026
Same author

Opposing effects of slow and fast theta synchrony on working memory in the human hippocampal-orbitofrontal network.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Spectral mapping reveals a resemblance of the anesthetic brain state to both sleep and coma.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Temporal kinetics of brain state effects on visual perception.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

SqueakPose Studio, an end-to-end platform for pose estimation and real-time edge-AI deployment.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Mechanistic insights into transcriptional regulation of ARHGAP36 expression identify a factor predictive of neuroblastoma survival.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Activity-dependent CO<sub>2</sub> production in the axon triggers opening of Connexin32 in the Schwann cell paranode.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Lipid packing contributes to the confinement of caveolae to the plasma membrane.

eLife·2026
Same journal

A coma pattern-based autofocusing method resolves bacterial cold shock response at single-cell level.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Non-canonical amino acid incorporation enables minimally disruptive labeling of stress granule and TDP-43 proteinopathy.

eLife·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

11.6K

Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Olgerta Asko1, Alejandro Omar Blenkmann1, Sabine Liliana Leske2

  • 1RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Elife
|February 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions show impaired detection of auditory prediction violations at multiple levels. This suggests the OFC is crucial for hierarchical predictive processing.

Keywords:
EEGattentionauditory perceptionbrain damagehumanmeningiomaneuroscienceprediction

More Related Videos

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
13:12

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Published on: August 12, 2019

45.5K
Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

11.6K
Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
13:12

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Published on: August 12, 2019

45.5K
Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is traditionally associated with executive functions like inhibitory control and emotion regulation.
  • Emerging research suggests the OFC's role extends to generating predictions for perceptual events, actions, and outcomes, underpinning hierarchical predictive processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the OFC's role in detecting prediction violations across two hierarchical levels of abstraction.
  • To examine event-related potentials (ERPs) in OFC lesion patients and healthy controls during a local-global auditory oddball task.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 12 OFC lesion patients and 14 healthy controls.
  • Participants detected deviant tone sequences within a local-global paradigm, manipulating auditory regularities at local (within-sequence) and global (between-sequence) levels.
  • Lesion specificity was assessed by comparing OFC patients with those having lateral PFC lesions.

Main Results:

  • OFC patients exhibited attenuated mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a responses to local prediction violations.
  • A diminished MMN followed by a delayed P3a was observed in OFC patients for combined local and global prediction violations.
  • The P3b component, related to global rule violations, was preserved in the OFC group.
  • Altered MMN/P3a responses were specific to OFC lesions, not lateral PFC lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Lesions to the OFC significantly impact the detection of auditory regularity violations at both local and global hierarchical levels.
  • The findings highlight the OFC's critical role in auditory predictive processing and hierarchical rule abstraction.
  • Altered ERPs (MMN/P3a) in OFC patients underscore the neural basis of impaired prediction violation detection.