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Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...

Visual Agnosia

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Visuo-Cognitive Phenotypes in Early Multiple Sclerosis: A Multisystem Model of Visual Processing.

Hariklia Vagias¹, Michelle L Byrne¹, Lyn Millist²

¹School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|February 10, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early multiple sclerosis (MS) involves distinct visual processing deficits that impact cognition differently. Identifying these visuo-cognitive phenotypes is crucial for better symptom management in MS patients.

Keywords:

cognition multiple sclerosis phenotypes visual processing visuo-cognitive

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

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Published on: April 11, 2025

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Published on: April 14, 2014

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping

Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Cognitive impairment is common in early multiple sclerosis (MS) but is heterogeneous, complicating diagnosis and management.
Visual processing impairments are also prevalent in early MS and can affect cognitive test performance.
Current MS cognitive research often overlooks the link between early cognitive changes and visual processing deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between cognition and visual processing in early MS.
To identify distinct visuo-cognitive phenotypes using a three-system model of visual processing (afferent sensory, central cognitive, efferent ocular motor).

Main Methods:

Patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting MS underwent comprehensive neuro-ophthalmic, ocular motor, and neuropsychological assessments.
Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the structure of ocular motor variables.
Latent profile analysis identified distinct visuo-cognitive phenotypes.

Main Results:

Three ocular-motor constructs were identified: cognitive control, cognitive processing speed, and basic visual processing.
Four visuo-cognitive phenotypes emerged: early visual changes, efferent-cognitive, cognitive control, and afferent-processing speed.
The efferent-cognitive and cognitive control phenotypes showed poorer performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test compared to others, with no significant demographic differences between phenotypes except for age in the efferent-cognitive group.

Conclusions:

Distinct visual processing deficits in early MS can differentially affect cognition in ways not detected by standard neuropsychological tests.
These findings highlight the need for integrated assessment of visual and cognitive functions in early MS.
Further research can improve early symptom identification and intervention strategies for MS.