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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Human mtDNA-Encoded Long ncRNAs: Knotty Molecules and Complex Functions.

Francesco Bruni1

  • 1Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial long non-coding RNAs (mt-lncRNAs) are crucial regulatory molecules transcribed from mitochondrial DNA. This review explores their diverse functions in cellular physiology and pathology, highlighting their link to mitochondrial metabolism.

Keywords:
long non-coding RNAsmitochondrial RNAsmitochondrial diseasemtDNAregulatory networks

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Historically, research focused on protein-coding RNA, overlooking non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • Advancements in bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) since 2002 have revealed the significance of ncRNAs.
  • Interest in ncRNAs has expanded globally, including non-human species, due to genomic data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • To focus specifically on human mitochondrial DNA-encoded long non-coding RNAs (mt-lncRNAs).
  • To explore the diverse functions and localizations of mt-lncRNAs and their connection to cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ncRNAs and mt-lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of data from next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms.
  • Bioinformatic approaches to identify and characterize mt-lncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play essential regulatory roles in cellular physiology and pathology.
  • mt-lncRNAs are transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
  • mt-lncRNAs exhibit diverse localizations and functions linked to mitochondrial metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs represent a vast and critical component of the genome.
  • mt-lncRNAs are integral to mitochondrial function and cellular health.
  • Further research into mt-lncRNAs can illuminate cellular pathology and potential therapeutic targets.