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Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

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Translation

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Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Y-Box-Binding Proteins Have a Dual Impact on Cellular Translation.

Irina A Eliseeva¹, Andrey I Buyan¹, Egor A Smolin¹

¹Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|February 10, 2024

Summary

Y-box-binding proteins (YB proteins) like YB-1 and YB-3 can be interchanged. While stimulating global translation, these YB proteins specifically inhibit the translation of their direct mRNA targets, suggesting functional redundancy.

Keywords:

PAR-CLIP RNA-seq YB-1 YB-3 ribo-seq translation

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

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Published on: October 28, 2014

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Gene Regulation

Background:

Y-box-binding proteins (YB proteins) are crucial for gene expression regulation.
YB-1 and YB-3 share structural similarities, hinting at potential functional overlap.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the functional interchangeability of somatic YB proteins YB-1 and YB-3.
To determine the impact of YB-1 and YB-3 on mRNA abundance and translation.

Main Methods:

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze mRNA abundance.
Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) to assess mRNA translation.
CLIP-identified mRNA targets were analyzed in HEK293T cells expressing YB-1, YB-3, or neither.

Main Results:

YB proteins exhibit a dual role in translation: stimulating global translation while inhibiting the translation of their direct mRNA targets.
YB-1 and YB-3 demonstrated similar inhibitory effects on the translation of their identified mRNA targets.
Functional interchangeability was observed for the translational inhibition of specific mRNA targets.

Conclusions:

YB-1 and YB-3 can functionally substitute for each other in inhibiting the translation of their direct mRNA targets.
The findings highlight the conserved function of YB proteins in translational control.