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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
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Gut microbiota and chronic rhinosinusitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Fang Zhang1,2, Boyu Cai3, Jing Luo1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|February 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Certain gut bacteria may influence chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) risk. This study used Mendelian randomization to identify specific gut microbes that could protect against or increase the risk of developing CRS.

Keywords:
Causal relationshipChronic rhinosinusitisGut microbiotaMendelian randomization

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Human health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The gut and nasal cavity harbor distinct microbiomes.
  • Gut microbiota may influence nasal microbiota and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) development.
  • The precise role of gut microbiota in CRS remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal effect of gut microbiota on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
  • To utilize a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach for genetic causal inference.

Main Methods:

  • Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
  • Utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for gut microbiota and CRS.
  • Employed inverse variance weighting (IVW) and sensitivity analyses (heterogeneity, pleiotropy, leave-one-out).

Main Results:

  • Twelve gut microbes showed a potential protective effect against CRS risk.
  • Four gut microbes were causally associated with an increased risk of CRS.
  • Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings, with no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy.

Conclusions:

  • Established causal links between specific gut microbiota and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
  • Provides a foundation for developing novel interventions for CRS prevention and treatment.
  • Highlights the gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic target for CRS.