Neuromodulation techniques - From non-invasive brain stimulation to deep brain stimulation

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• The field of neuromodulation has advanced significantly over the past three decades.
• Neuromodulation techniques can probe and influence the central nervous system.
• Many neuromodulation therapies are now integrated into standard medical care.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of the advancements in neuromodulation techniques.
• To highlight common non-invasive and invasive neuromodulation methods.
• To discuss the ongoing exploration of novel applications and paradigms in neuromodulation.

Main Methods:

• Overview of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), and Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS).
• Overview of invasive (surgical) neuromodulation techniques: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS).
• Mention of ongoing clinical trials investigating new uses for these interventions.

Main Results:

• Neuromodulation encompasses a wide range of techniques for central nervous system intervention.
• Non-invasive methods like TMS, tDCS, and TUS are widely used.
• Invasive methods such as DBS, SCS, and VNS are leading surgical options.
• Active clinical trials are expanding the applications and understanding of neuromodulation.

Conclusions:

• Neuromodulation has evolved substantially, offering diverse therapeutic options.
• Both non-invasive and invasive techniques play crucial roles in modern medicine.
• Continued research promises further innovation and expanded clinical utility in neuromodulation.