Nerve entrapment complicating neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome surgery: A 10-year retrospective study

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome results from compression of the brachial plexus. The symptoms are mainly pain, upper-limb weakness and paresthesia. Management always starts with a rehabilitation program, but failure of rehabilitation may necessitate surgery. In practice, we observed that several patients developed secondary distal nerve entrapment in the months following surgery, with no preoperative compression. We aimed to assess the occurrence of distal nerve entrapment after surgery for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in a retrospective cohort study. Seventy-four patients were included; 82% females; mean age, 39.4 ± 9.4 years. There were 36.5% with high intensity and 63.5% with low to moderate intensity work. Eighteen (24.3%) developed secondary upper-limb entrapment at 10.6 ± 5.8 months after surgery. Sixteen had a single entrapment and 2 had two different entrapments. In 10 cases (50%) the ulnar nerve was involved at the elbow, in 7 (35.0%) the radial nerve at the radial tunnel, and in 3 (15.0%) the median nerve. No differences were found between patients with and without secondary nerve entrapment in gender (p = 0.51), mean age (p = 0.44), symptom duration (p = 0.92) or work intensity (p = 0.26). Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to shed light on the underlying mechanisms.