Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

308
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
308
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

42.6K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
42.6K
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

2.9K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hierarchical Chiral Self-Assembly of Nanocylinders Composed of Sequence-Defined Mesogenic Dimers.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Chiroptics of In-Plane Excitons.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026
Same author

Electrolyte-Guided Selectivity Unlocks Pathway Control in Electrochemical Olefin Functionalization.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Gomberg's Earlier "Instance of Trivalent Carbon".

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Effect of Small Molecular Additives on Growth Rates of Molecular Crystals from the Melt near Glass-Transition Temperature.

Crystal growth & design·2026
Same author

Elucidating Structural Disorder in a Polymeric Layered Material: The Case of Sodium Poly(heptazine imide) Photocatalyst.

Nano letters·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica
08:17

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Published on: August 23, 2018

7.5K

Chlorfenapyr Crystal Polymorphism and Insecticidal Activity.

Reese Aronin1, Petr Brázda2, Leilani N Smith1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States.

Crystal Growth & Design
|February 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Four crystalline forms of the insecticide chlorfenapyr were identified. While polymorphs showed similar lethality against fruit flies and mosquitoes, bioavailability varied, complicating insecticidal activity predictions.

More Related Videos

Avocado Sample Preparation Using the QuEChERS Method with Ammonium Formate for Pesticide Analysis
05:20

Avocado Sample Preparation Using the QuEChERS Method with Ammonium Formate for Pesticide Analysis

Published on: December 8, 2023

668
Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Ryanodine Receptor from Plutella xylostella
11:31

Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Ryanodine Receptor from Plutella xylostella

Published on: November 30, 2018

7.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica
08:17

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Published on: August 23, 2018

7.5K
Avocado Sample Preparation Using the QuEChERS Method with Ammonium Formate for Pesticide Analysis
05:20

Avocado Sample Preparation Using the QuEChERS Method with Ammonium Formate for Pesticide Analysis

Published on: December 8, 2023

668
Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Ryanodine Receptor from Plutella xylostella
11:31

Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Ryanodine Receptor from Plutella xylostella

Published on: November 30, 2018

7.5K

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Materials Science
  • Insecticide Development

Background:

  • Chlorfenapyr is a proinsecticide requiring metabolic activation.
  • Understanding its crystalline forms (polymorphs) is crucial for optimizing efficacy.
  • Polymorphism can influence physical properties and bioavailability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize crystalline polymorphs of chlorfenapyr.
  • To evaluate the insecticidal activity of different chlorfenapyr polymorphs.
  • To investigate the relationship between chlorfenapyr structure, bioavailability, and insecticidal activity.

Main Methods:

  • Polarized light optical microscopy
  • Differential scanning calorimetry
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • X-ray diffraction
  • Electron diffraction
  • Lethality assays against Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles quadrimaculatus

Main Results:

  • Four crystalline polymorphs of chlorfenapyr were identified, three of which were polytypic.
  • All polymorphs exhibited similar lethality against fruit flies and mosquitoes.
  • The least stable polymorph demonstrated slightly higher lethality.
  • Knockdown kinetics were influenced by an internal metabolic activation step, affecting bioavailability.

Conclusions:

  • Chlorfenapyr exhibits polymorphism, with distinct crystalline structures.
  • While structural similarities suggest comparable insecticidal activity, bioavailability differences complicate direct correlations.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the impact of metabolic activation on polymorph-dependent bioavailability and efficacy.