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Related Concept Videos

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Regenerative Roles of Muscle Proteins at Neuromuscular Junction Post-Nerve Injury
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Author Spotlight: Regenerative Roles of Muscle Proteins at Neuromuscular Junction Post-Nerve Injury

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Antisynthetase Syndrome Causing Necrotizing Myositis Involving Extraocular Muscles.

Lisa Y Lin1, Amee D Azad1, Carolina A Chiou1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|February 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study details a rare case of necrotizing myositis affecting eye muscles in antisynthetase syndrome. It highlights the first documented ophthalmic findings in systemic necrotizing myositis.

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The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Antisynthetase syndrome is an autoimmune disorder associated with myositis.
  • Necrotizing myositis is a severe form of muscle inflammation.
  • Ocular muscle involvement in autoimmune myopathies is uncommon.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with clinical, histologic, and serologic evidence of necrotizing myositis.
  • The extraocular muscles were specifically affected in this case.
  • This represents the first reported instance of ophthalmic findings in systemic necrotizing myositis.

Findings:

  • Detailed clinical presentation of necrotizing myositis.
  • Histopathologic confirmation of muscle necrosis.
  • Serologic markers associated with antisynthetase syndrome.

Implications:

  • Expands understanding of antisynthetase syndrome manifestations.
  • Highlights the importance of ophthalmologic evaluation in myositis.
  • Suggests potential for novel therapeutic strategies in managing ocular myositis.