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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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Optical Tellegen metamaterial with spontaneous magnetization.

Shadi Safaei Jazi1, Ihar Faniayeu2, Rafael Cichelero2

  • 1Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.

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|February 12, 2024
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We developed a novel 3D metamaterial exhibiting the Tellegen effect for visible light. This metamaterial, using spontaneous magnetization, achieves a giant magnetoelectric effect without external bias.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Metamaterials science
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • The nonreciprocal magnetoelectric effect (Tellegen effect) is crucial for fundamental physics and applications like magnetless isolators.
  • Existing metamaterials often require external magnetic bias or lack isotropic responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a three-dimensional metamaterial with an isotropic and resonant Tellegen response in the visible frequency range.
  • To demonstrate a metamaterial that operates without external magnetic bias, utilizing spontaneous magnetization.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D metamaterial composed of randomly oriented bi-material nanocylinders (ferromagnet and high-permittivity dielectric) in a host medium.
  • Tuning nanocylinder composition to achieve magnetic Mie-type resonance.
  • Investigating the use of magnetic Weyl semimetals to enhance the magnetoelectric effect.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated an isotropic and resonant Tellegen response in the visible spectrum.
  • Achieved operation based on spontaneous magnetization, eliminating the need for external magnetic bias.
  • Showcased a potential for a giant bulk effective magnetoelectric effect, significantly exceeding natural materials.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed metamaterial offers a promising platform for realizing the Tellegen effect in the visible range without external magnetic fields.
  • Integration with magnetic Weyl semimetals can lead to unprecedented magnetoelectric properties.
  • This work paves the way for advanced optical devices and fundamental physics explorations.