Endothelial cells and macrophages as allies in the healthy and diseased brain

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Immunology
• Vascular Biology

Background:

• Central nervous system (CNS) diseases frequently involve vascular issues and inflammation.
• Endothelial cells and macrophages are critical cellular mediators in CNS pathology.
• Brain macrophages include CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) and microglia, interacting closely with microvessel endothelial cells.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the molecular mechanisms governing the interactions between brain macrophages and endothelial cells.
• To highlight the shared developmental origins and life cycle features of CNS macrophages and endothelial cells.
• To discuss the roles of microglia and CAMs in regulating CNS vascular functions in adults.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent advancements in CNS research.
• Analysis of studies on cellular origins and interactions within the CNS.
• Synthesis of findings on the functional interplay between myeloid and endothelial cells in the brain.

Main Results:

• CNS macrophages and a subset of brain endothelial cells share common erythromyeloid progenitor origins.
• Macrophages and endothelial cells exhibit parallel life cycle patterns from embryonic development to demise.
• Adult microglia and CAMs influence vessel patency, blood flow, blood-brain barrier integrity, and endothelial cell lifespan.

Conclusions:

• The intricate relationship between CNS macrophages and endothelial cells is fundamental to brain health and disease.
• Understanding these interactions provides insights into potential therapeutic targets for CNS disorders.
• Further research into the molecular dialogue between these cell types is crucial for deciphering CNS pathology.