Retroperitoneal paraganglia and the peripheral autonomic nervous system in the human fetus

By means of the AChE in toto staining method retroperitoneal paraganglia and the peripheral autonomic nervous system in human fetuses have been investigated. Many small retroperitoneal paraganglia are present near the sympathetic trunks close to the sympathetic trunk ganglia. In the thoracic region small paraganglia are present in the intercostal spaces. Small splanchnic nerves entering small paraganglia have been described. In the lower sacral region no paraganglia are present. The major splanchnic nerve arises at various levels from the sympathetic trunks as well as many smaller thoracic splanchnic nerves. Intermediate ganglia are present in the major splanchnic nerve, the smaller splanchnic nerves and the communicating rami. In the sympathetic trunks many ganglia are fused. In the human fetus there exists a large variability in number and diameter of the communicating rami. Interconnecting bundles of nerve fibers between the left and right sympathetic trunks are present at all levels, but most numerous at the sacral level.