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Related Concept Videos

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:28

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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Spatially Conserved Spiral Wave Activity During Human Atrial Fibrillation.

Wouter-Jan Rappel1, Tina Baykaner2, Junaid Zaman3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego (W.-J.R.).

Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology
|February 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intermittent spiral wave activity in atrial fibrillation is often due to conserved, not newly created, waves. This finding may improve atrial fibrillation treatment by identifying key wave behaviors.

Keywords:
atrial fibrillationcatheterselectrodesheart atriarotation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Computational Biology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia increasing stroke risk.
  • AF involves disorganized electrical activity, including spiral wave patterns.
  • Clinical observation of intermittent spiral waves contrasts with simulation findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of intermittent spiral wave activity in atrial fibrillation.
  • To compare in silico spiral wave behavior with clinical recordings.
  • To determine if observed spiral waves are conserved or newly generated.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated spiral wave dynamics under different conditions (continuous creation/annihilation, trapping).
  • Constructed spatio-temporal activation maps from 64-electrode catheter recordings in 34 AF patients.
  • Quantified spiral wave presence, rotation, and phase-locking behavior.

Main Results:

  • Simulated spiral waves were consistently out of phase.
  • In 68% of patients, spiral waves returned in phase, indicating conservation.
  • Intermittent activity in patients stems from conserved spiral waves, not new ones.

Conclusions:

  • Intermittent spiral wave activity in AF patients is primarily due to conserved waves of interrupted duration.
  • This understanding could refine AF classification and guide therapeutic strategies.
  • Distinguishing conserved from transient spiral waves is crucial for patient management.