Evaluation of Surface Water Quality in the Betwa River Basin through the Water Quality Index Model and Multivariate...

The Betwa River Basin (BRB), a sub-basin of the River Yamuna, is the oldest flowing water system in Central India. The water quality of the rivers are under stress, hence regular monitoring and appraisal is required to know the health of the rivers. Factor analysis and principal component analysis (FA/PCA) multivariate statistical techniques were used to extract three and four varimax factors that explained 96.408 and 100.00 percent of the total variance in water quality, respectively. Cluster analysis (CA) categorizes observed items into distinct quality categories based on correlations between stations and years. Point industrial/sewage effluents, diffuse pollution as runoff from arable land, erosion, and natural source pollution contribute to the pollution of the BRB. As a result, water quality is threatened or impaired, and conditions often departed from natural or desirable levels at Rajghat, Garrauli, Mohana, and Shahijina stations. According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), the surface water quality at the Rajghat and Mohana stations corresponds to fair ecological status. However, the surface water quality of the Garrauli and Shahijina stations has a marginal water quality as per CCME-WQI. From 1985 to 2018, the Shahijina had the most considerable load of nutrients and organic matter, as determined by the CCME-WQI and by comparing the water quality data. A thorough examination had revealed a fluctuating trend in the BRB pollution, particularly at all stations. Results indicate that between 1985 and 2018, the only defense mechanism of the river was the auto purification mechanism, which is strongly influenced by the drought, point pollution source, and extreme meteorological events that probably cause these fluctuations.