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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
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Dynamic fading memory and expectancy effects in the monkey primary visual cortex.

Yang Yiling1, Johanna Klon-Lipok2, Katharine Shapcott1

  • 1Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary visual cortex (V1) activity in monkeys shows a fading trace of visual working memory (WM) stimuli. This trace does not require attention, suggesting V1 is not actively involved in maintaining WM content.

Keywords:
expectancy effectsneural dynamicsnon-human primatesprimary visual cortex (V1)working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Processing

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) is crucial for cognitive tasks.
  • The role of the primary visual cortex (V1) in WM maintenance is debated.
  • Understanding V1's contribution to WM can elucidate neural mechanisms of memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the involvement of the primary visual cortex (V1) in working memory (WM).
  • To determine if V1 plays an active role in maintaining WM contents during a delay period.
  • To examine how V1 population activity relates to stimulus expectations and predictive coding.

Main Methods:

  • Parallel, multisite recordings of multi-unit activity in monkey V1.
  • Monkeys performed a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task.
  • Analysis of V1 population firing rate vectors during delay and test periods.

Main Results:

  • V1 population activity maintained a fading trace of the sample stimulus during the delay period.
  • This trace could be reactivated by impulse stimuli, enhancing neuronal firing.
  • V1 responses to test stimuli were modulated by probabilistic stimulus contingencies, with reduced responses to expected stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The fading trace in V1 suggests intrinsic network dynamics rather than active, attention-dependent WM maintenance.
  • V1's involvement in WM maintenance is likely passive, reflecting stimulus history.
  • V1 responses align with predictive coding principles, showing reduced responses to expected stimuli.