Automated sepsis detection with vancomycin- and allantoin-polydopamine magnetic nanoparticles

Rapid and accurate identification of the bacteria responsible for sepsis is paramount for effective patient care. Molecular diagnostic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), encounter challenges in sepsis due to inhibitory compounds in the blood, necessitating their removal for precise analysis. In this study we present an innovative approach that utilizes vancomycin (Van) and allantoin (Al)-conjugated polydopamine (PDA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the rapid and automated enrichment of bacteria and their DNA extraction from blood without inducing clumping and aggregation of blood. Al/Van-PDA-MNPs, facilitated by IMS, eliminate the need for preliminary sample treatments, providing a swift and efficient method for bacterial concentration and DNA extraction within an hour. Employing Al/Van-PDA-MNPs within an automated framework has markedly improved our ability to pre-concentrate various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria directly from blood samples. This advancement has effectively reduced the detection threshold to 10² colony-forming unit/mL by both PCR and quantitative PCR. The method's expedited processing time, combined with its precision, positions it as a feasible diagnostic tool for diverse healthcare settings, ranging from small clinics to large hospitals. Furthermore, the innovative application of nanoparticles for DNA extraction holds promising potential for advancing sepsis diagnostics, enabling earlier interventions and improving patient outcomes.