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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction
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Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

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Nuclear morphology is shaped by loop-extrusion programs.

Indumathi Patta1, Maryam Zand2, Lindsay Lee3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Nature
|February 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered that halting DNA loop extrusion in neutrophil progenitors causes the assembly of multi-lobed nuclei. This finding reveals how neutrophil shapes form and suggests engineering nuclear shapes for cell migration in tumors.

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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction
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Preparation of Tunable Extracellular Matrix Microenvironments to Evaluate Schwann Cell Phenotype Specification
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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Neutrophils exhibit dynamic, multi-lobed (polymorphonuclear) shapes essential for navigating dense tissues.
  • The precise mechanisms governing the assembly of these complex nuclear structures remain largely unelucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of loop extrusion in the formation of polymorphonuclear nuclear shapes in neutrophil progenitors.
  • To understand the molecular basis of chromatin architecture changes during neutrophil differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Acute depletion of the loop-extrusion factor NIPBL in mononuclear neutrophil progenitors.
  • Analysis of nuclear morphology, nuclear volume, cell-cycle status, and gene expression.
  • Chromatin architecture analysis using Hi-C and assessment of topologically associating domain (TAD) interactions.

Main Results:

  • Depleting NIPBL induced the formation of horseshoe, ringed, and hypersegmented nuclei, mimicking neutrophil differentiation.
  • NIPBL depletion led to reduced nuclear volume, cell-cycle arrest, and activation of neutrophil-specific genes.
  • Chromatin remodeling involved mega-loop enrichment and loss of TAD interactions, creating an architecture similar to differentiated neutrophils.

Conclusions:

  • Loop extrusion by NIPBL is crucial for programming lineage-specific chromatin architecture in neutrophil progenitors.
  • This process enables the formation of lobular nuclear structures required for neutrophil migration.
  • The findings offer insights into nuclear shape assembly and potential strategies for engineering cell migration in cancer.