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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Autonomic Nervous System01:22

Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These divisions function antagonistically to maintain a dynamic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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PITUITARY FUNCTIONS AFTER RECOVERY FROM COVID-19.

M G Kaya1, R Alanli2, M B Kucukay2

  • 1Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey.

Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005)
|February 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 survivors generally maintain normal pituitary function and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Post-COVID symptoms are not linked to pituitary gland dysfunction in mild to moderate cases.

Keywords:
Adrenal insufficiencyCOVID-19cosyntropinhypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axisthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • COVID-19 can potentially affect endocrine functions, including the pituitary gland.
  • The impact of COVID-19 on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess pituitary gland function in individuals after COVID-19 infection.
  • To specifically evaluate the integrity of the HPA axis post-COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 50 COVID-19 survivors and 49 controls were studied.
  • Adrenal stimulation tests using 1 µg ACTH (Synacthen) were performed.
  • Morning serum cortisol, ACTH, IGF-1, and TSH levels were measured.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in baseline pituitary hormone levels were observed between groups.
  • Low serum ACTH was found in 14% of COVID-19 patients; 4% required stimulation testing.
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was low in 14% of patients, and TSH was mildly elevated in 10%.

Conclusions:

  • Mild to moderate COVID-19 does not appear to impair basal pituitary hormone levels or HPA axis function.
  • Observed post-COVID symptoms were not correlated with pituitary gland dysfunction in this cohort.