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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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Time-delay estimation in biomechanical stability: a scoping review.

Seyed Mohammadreza Shokouhyan1, Mathias Blandeau1, Laura Wallard1

  • 1University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH, Valenciennes, France.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|February 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights inconsistencies in estimating physiological time delays within the human sensorimotor system. Standardization is needed for accurate delay estimation and prediction in future research.

Keywords:
balancebiomechanical modelsensorimotor controlsensory integrationstabilitytime delay

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Control Systems Engineering

Background:

  • The human sensorimotor system navigates complexities like noise, non-linearities, and delays.
  • Physiological time delays (sensory, transmission, CNS, muscle activation) are crucial for biomechanical stability.
  • Current literature shows significant discrepancies in methods for estimating and predicting these time delays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically characterize and categorize existing approaches for estimating physiological time delays.
  • To identify heterogeneity and variability in the definition, experimental protocols, and estimation values of time delays.
  • To call for standardization in future scientific endeavors concerning physiological time delay estimation.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched five databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, IEEE, Web of Science) from 2000-2022 using relevant keywords.
  • Analyzed 46 selected articles using 20 quantification and 16 qualification questions by two independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Reviewed studies exhibited heterogeneity in defining time delays and variability in experimental protocols and delay values.
  • Most analyzed articles were of high quality, employing diverse analytical methods (optimization, regression, Kalman filters, neural networks).
  • Over 50% of studies failed to clearly define the nature of the time delays being estimated.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variability and lack of clear definitions hinder consistent physiological time delay estimation.
  • Standardization of methodologies and definitions is essential for advancing research in sensorimotor control.
  • Future research should prioritize clear definitions and standardized protocols for reliable time delay quantification.